A University of Surrey study has found that UK surgery still shows signs of an “old boys’ club” at senior levels despite diversity efforts.

Looking at NHS data over 10 years, researchers found trainees from underrepresented groups are less likely to be promoted or stay in training.

It says career success often depends on informal networks and fitting in, especially in male-dominated surgical environments.

The study suggests clearer and fairer hospital decision-making could help reduce inequality.